Nonverbal Learning Disabilities (NLD):

Wrapping Up

 

NLD Site Index
Introduction to NLD
Neuropsychological Model
Learning Profile
Wrapping Up

 

Limitations/Concerns associated with current NLD research:

While Rourke’s neuropsychological model of NLD has weathered several years of increasing knowledge about the brain and its components, the model has yet to be empirically investigated. The NLD syndrome at this point remains a theoretical construct because the presence of white matter dysfunction has never been demonstrated among children or adults identified as having this disability (Filley, 2001).

 

Perhaps explicit empirical testing of the neuropsychological model will improve understanding of this disorder among professionals who are responsible for diagnosing this still-mysterious syndrome.

 

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References:

Barrick, T. R., Mackay, C. E., Crow, T. J., & Roberts, N. (2001). Asymmetry analysis in 2D and 1D projections of left and right cerebral hemisphere grey and white matter. Available: http://www.mariarc.liv.ac.uk/posters/hbm2001/HBM2001-TB.pdf.

 

Filley, C. M. (2001). The behavioral neurology of white matter . New York : Oxford University Press.

 

Fisher, N. J., DeLuca, J. W., & Rourke, B. P. (1997). Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and Halstead Category Test Performances of children and adolescents who exhibit the syndrome of nonverbal learning disabilities. Child Neuropsychology, 3 (1), 61-71.

 

 

Gazzaniga, M., Ivry, R., & Mangun, G. (2002). Cognitive neuroscience: The biology of the mind . New York : W.W. Norton & Co.

 

Goldberg, E. & Costa, L. D. (1981). Hemisphere differences in the acquisition and use of descriptive systems. Brain and Language, 14, 144-173.

 

Gross-Tsur, V., Shalev, R. S., Manor, O., & Amir, N. (1995). Developmental right-hemisphere syndrome: Clinical spectrum of the nonverbal learning disability. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 28(2), 80-86.

 

Harnadek, M. C. S., & Rourke, B. P. (1994). Principal identifying features of the syndrome of nonverbal learning disabilities in children. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 27(3), 144-154.

 

Hsu, E. W. & Provenzale, J.M. (2004). Brain white matter tractography via Diffusion Tensor Imaging. Available: http://wwwcivm.mc.duke.edu/civmProjects/HsuProjects/BrainWhiteMatter.pdf

 

Ingalls, S., & Goldstein, S. (1999). Learning disabilities. In S. Goldstein & C. R. Reynolds (Eds.), Handbook of neurodevelopmental and genetic disorders in children (pp. 101-153). New York : The Guilford Press.

Johnson, D. & Myklebust, H. (1967). Learning disabilities: Educational principles and practices . New York : Grune & Stratton.

Pelletier, P.M., Ahmad, S. A., & Rourke, B. P. (2001). Classification rules for basic phonological processing disabilities and nonverbal learning disabilities: Formulation and external validity. Child Neuropsychology, 7(2), 84-98.

 

Roman, M. (1998, November 18). The syndrome of nonverbal learning disabilities: Clinical description and applied aspects. Current Issues in Education [On-line], 1 (7). Available: http://cie.ed.asu.edu/volume1/number7/ .

Rourke, B. P. (1989). Nonverbal learning disabilities: The syndrome and the model . New York : The Guilford Press.

 

Rourke, B. P., & Tsatsanis, K. D. (1996). Syndrome of nonverbal learning disabilities: Psycholinguistic assets and deficits. Topics in Language Disorders, 16 (2), 30-44.

 

Strang, J. D. & Rourke, B. P. (1983). Concept-formation/Non-verbal reasoning abilities of children who exhibit specific academic problems with arithmetic. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 12(1), 33-39.

 

Tera’s NLD Jumpstation: http://www.geocities.com/HotSprings/Spa/7262/

 

Thompson, S. (1996). Nonverbal learning disorders. Available: http://www.ldonline.org/ld_indepth/nonverbal/nld.html

 

Voeller, K.K.S. (1986). Right-hemisphere deficit syndrome in children. American Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 1004-1009.

 

 

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